1
2
3	Damage since 1995 Half of island rendered barren and uninhabitable 2/3 population left 19 lives lost 92% people were evacuated, many suffered multiple evacuations and displacement Economy severely affected by loss of infrastructure, farmland, and adverse impacts on tourism Former capital, Plymouth, buried under metres of debris and several villages swept away pyroclastic density currents.
4
5	First, a bit more about Lava Dome Growth Andesite Average extrusion rates 2-3 m³/s, but unsteady extrusion 3 dome growing phases, with ~ 2 year pauses in between
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21	Mapping deposits of the same flow 21 September 1997 Collapse Deposits
22
23
24	"Lava dome collapse flows -..." Lava dome collapse flows - summary Emplaced as highly concentrated avalanches with overriding dilute ash clouds. Basal avalanche – follows valleys (unless filled in) Ash cloud surge, less topographically constrained /can decouple at bends etc. Ash clouds surge component varies considerably in flows of different volumes. Small volume flows, tend to have minor surge component generated by elutriation from the underlying avalanches. Larger volume flows develop violent surges, derived at collapse onset by gas decompression of internal parts of the dome as well as during the propagation of the flow.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56	..Destabilization of the talus slope two types of avalanches down sandpiles (from experiments)
57	..also lets recall whats under a big dome -
58	"…and," …and, I’m looking forward to talking on Thursday !